Fig. 2


a,b Phylogenetic analysis of the 92 NDM-5 or OXA-181 E. coli isolates using WGS. Dendrograms representing the phylogenetic analysis of the NDM-5 (2a) and OXA-181 (2b) carbapenemase-producing E. coli isolates (n = 92, Reunion and Mayotte islands, 2015–2020) with acquired resistance mechanisms and a heatmap for SNPs analysis on the whole genome. Isolate numbers with a star are those whose genomes have been sequenced in long reads (Oxford Nanopore technology, n = 52). The presence of acquired resistance genes is indicated by black boxes. Isolates considered clonally related are shown in green boxes in the heatmap. There is a grey zone between 20 and 80 SNPs, that does not allow to conclude that isolates are clonally related, and above 80 SNPs, isolates can be considered as not clonally related (represented as red boxes)