Fig. 2

Stability assessment of phage vB_EfaS_ZC1 under various conditions. A Storage temperatures stability at − 80 °C, − 20 °C, and 4 °C. B Thermal stability of phage vB_EfaS_ZC1 at temperatures range from 37 to 80 °C. C Stability of the phage vB_EfaS_ZC1 under UV exposure assessed at an interval of 15 min for 45 min. D Stability of phage vB_EfaS_ZC1 across a pH range of 2–12. E Stability of phage vB_EfaS_ZC1 in the presence and absence of propolis (12 µg/mL), represented after a 3 h incubation period. Error bars represent the standard deviation, and statistical significance are indicated as ns for no significant difference (P ≥ 0.05), *indicates (P < 0.05), and ****indicates (P < 0.0001)